Integral Types

Integers

Syntax	Description
x+y	Add
x-y	Subtract
x*y	Multiply
x/y	Divide
x//y	Integer Division
x%y	Modulus
x**y	Exponentiation
-x	Negation
abs(x)	Absolute
divmod(x,y)	Return quotient and remainder in tuple () unchangeable
pow(x,y,z)	(x**y)%z
round(x,n)
bin(i)
hex(i)
int(i,base)
oct(i)
i|j	or
i^j	xor
i&j	and
i<<j	shift i left by j bits
i>>j	Shifts i right by j bits
~i

Boolean

t = True

f = False

t and f

t or f

not f

not t

Floating-point Types

Syntax	Description	Syntax	Description
math.acos(x)	radians input inverse cosine	math.floor(x)
math.acosh(x)	hyperbolic cosine	math.fmod(x,y)
math.asin(x)		math.frexp(x)
math.asinh(x)		math.fsum(i)
math.atan(x)		math.hypot(x,y)
math.atan2(y,x)	arc tangent y/x	math.isinf(x)
math.atanh(x)		math.isnan(x)
math.ceil(x)		math.ldexp(m,e)
math.copysign(x,y)		math.log(x,b)
math.cos(x)		math.log10(x,b)	base b
math.cosh(x)		math.loglp(x)	loge(1+x)
math.degrees(r)	radian-> degrees	math.modf(x)	math.modf(1.5)-<(.5,1.0)
math.e	value of e	math.pi
math.exp(x)		math.pow(x,y)
math.fabs(x)	abs as float	math.radians(d)	degree->radians
math.factorial(x)	x!	math.sin(x)
Syntax	Description	Syntax	Description
math.sinh(x)		math.tanh(x)
math.sqrt(x)		math.trunc(x)	returns integer
math.tan(x)

Complex Numbers

It is a complex number.

Declared as: a = 1 +2j

Syntaxes:

a.real = 1

a.imag = 2

a.conjugate() = 1+ 2j

Strings

Escape	Meaning	Escape	Meaning
\n		\ooo
\’		\r
\”		\t
\a		\uhhhh	“\u221e” “\u23b7”
\b		\Uhhhhhhhh
\f		\v
\n		\xhh
\N{name}	“\N{euro sign}”

Comparing string by <, <=, ==, !=, > and >= will compare strings byte by byte memory.

Slicing and Striding Strings

S = “Light ray”

S[0] = S[-9] = ‘L’

S[-1] = S[8] = ‘y’

S[0:3] = ‘Lig’

S[start:end:step] i.e. S[2:7:2] = ‘gtr’

s = “The waxwork man”

s[-3:] = “man”

s[4:11] = “waxwork”

s = s[:12]+”wo”+s[12:] = “The waxwork woman”

t = [“Arithmetica” “Conics” “Elements”]

“ “.join(t) = “Arithmetica Conics Elements”

“_”.join(t) = “Arithmetica_Conics_Elements”

“”.join(t) + “ArithmeticaConicsElements”

“*”*10 = “**********”

“hello world”.capitalize() -> “Hello world”	“hello”.center(10,*) -> “**hello***”
s.count(char,start,end) “hello”.count(“l”,0,-1) -> 2 counts	s.encode(encoding,err)
s.endswith(x,start,end)	s.expandtabs(size)
s.find(t,start,end) ->first position of “t”	s.format(...)
s.index(t,start,end)
s.isalnum()	s.isalpha()
s.isdecimal()	s.isdigit()
s.isidentifier() -> True if not empty and all character are ASCII digit “hello world”.isidentifier() -> False because ‘ ‘ “hello”.isidentifier(0->True	s.islower()
s.isnumeric()	s.isprintable() -> not special character
s.isspace()	s.istitle() “Hello world”.istitle()->False “Hello World”.istitle()->True
s.join(seq) "Hello World".join('yo')->'yHello Worldo'	s.ljust(width,char)
s.lower()	s.maketrans() ->translate?
s.partition(t) "hello world said I".partition(" ") -> ('hello', ' ', 'world said I') s.split(t,n) "hello world said I".split(" ") -> ['hello', 'world', 'said', 'I']	s.replace(t,u,n) "aabbaaccaabb".replace('aa','xx',2) -> 'xxbbxxccaabb'
s.splitlines(f)	s.startwith(x,start,end)
s.strip(chars)	s.swapcase()
s.title()	s.translate()
s.upper()	s.zfill(w) "12345".zfill(10) ->'0000012345'

String Formatting

i/p:“The novel ‘{0}’ was published in {1}”.format(“Hard Times”, 1854)

o/p:“The novel ‘Hard Times’ was published in 1854”

"{{{0}}}{1} :-}}".format("I'm in braces","I'm not")

"{I'm in braces}I'm not :-}"

x = ‘three”

s =  “{0} {1} {2}”

s = s.format(“The”,x,”tops”)

‘The three tops’

Field Names

“{who} turned {age} this year year”.format(who=”she”,age=88)